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Tabellen — Chemie
* Periodensystem
* Sammelnamen für Gruppen von Elementen
* Mononuclidic elements
* Chemische Elemente
* Elektronegativitätsskala nach PAULING
* Chemische Summenformeln
* Nomenklatur von Ionenverbindungen
* Eigenschaften geradkettiger Alkane
* Kurzzeichen für Kunststoffe
* pH-Skala
* pH-Indikatoren
* Common commercial battery systems
* Metals and alloys with low melting temperature
Periodensystem
-----------------------------------------------------------
1A 2A 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ---8B--- 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
.--. .--.
1 | H| |He|
|--+--. .--------------+--|
2 |Li|Be| | B| C| N| O| F|Ne|
|--+--| |--+--+--+--+--+--|
3 |Na|Mg| |Al|Si| P| S|Cl|Ar|
|--+--+-----------------------------+--+--+--+--+--+--|
4 | K|Ca|Sc|Ti| V|Cr|Mn|Fe|Co|Ni|Cu|Zn|Ga|Ge|As|Se|Br|Kr|
|--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--|
5 |Rb|Sr| Y|Zr|Nb|Mo|Tc|Ru|Rh|Pd|Ag|Cd|In|Sn|Sb|Te| I|Xe|
|--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--|
6 |Cs|Ba|LA|Hf|Ta| W|Re|Os|Ir|Pt|Au|Hg|Tl|Pb|Bi|Po|At|Rn|
|--+--+--+--------------------------------------------'
7 |Fr|Ra|AC|
'--------'
.--------------------------------------------.
Lanthanide |La|Ce|Pr|Nd|Pm|Sm|Eu|Gd|Tb|Dy|Ho|Er|Tm|Yb|Lu|
|--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--|
Actinide |Ac|Th|Pa| U|Np|Pu|Am|Cm|Bk|Cf|Es|Fm|Md|No|Lr|
'--------------------------------------------'
-----------------------------
Gruppen- Name
nummer
-----------------------------
1 Alkalimetalle
2 Erdalkalimetalle
15 Pnictide
16 Chalkogene
17 Halogene
18 Edelgase
-----------------------------
Quantenzahlen:
-> Hauptquantenzahl n (Schale)
n = 1,2,3,...
-> Nebenquantenzahl l (Unterschale)
l = 0,1,2,3,4,...,(n-1)
s p d f g ...
-> Magnetquantenzahl m (Orbital)
m = -l,-(l-1),...,0,...,(l-1),l
Jede Unterschale besteht aus
2l+1 Orbitalen.
-> Spinmagnetquantenzahl s
s = ± 1/2
Pauli-Prinzip: Keine zwei Elektronen in einem Atom
dürfen in allen vier Quantenzahlen übereinstimmen.
-----------------------------------------------------------
Sammelnamen für Gruppen von Elementen
----------------------------------------------------------------
Elemente Deutscher Name Englischer Name
----------------------------------------------------------------
Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,Fr Alkalimetalle alkali metals
[Be,Mg,]Ca,Sr,Ba,Ra Erdalkalimetalle alkaline earth metals
Sc,Y,La...Lu Seltenerdmetalle rare earth metals
La...Lu Lanthanoide lanthanoids
Ac...Lr Actinoide actinoids
O,S,Se,Te,Po Chalkogene chalcogens
F,Cl,Br,I,At Halogene halogens
He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn Edelgase noble gases
----------------------------------------------------------------
Mononuclidic elements (isotopes)
--------------------------------------------------------------
9Be, 19F, 23Na, 27Al, 31P, 45Sc, 55Mn, 59Co, 75As, 89Y,
103Rh, 127I, 133Cs, 141Pr, 159Tb, 165Ho, 169Tm, 197Au, 209Bi
--------------------------------------------------------------
Chemische Elemente
---------------------------------------------------------------
Z Deut. Name Engl. Name rAM AtR KoR ElN
---------------------------------------------------------------
1 H Wasserstoff Hydrogen 1.008 37.3 30 2.2
2 He Helium Helium 4.003
3 Li Lithium Lithium 6.941 152 123 1.0
4 Be Beryllium Beryllium 9.012 111.3 89 1.5
5 B Bor Boron 10.81 79.5 81 2.0
6 C Kohlenstoff Carbon 12.01 77.2 77 2.5
7 N Stickstoff Nitrogen 14.01 54.9 70 3.1
8 O Sauerstoff Oxygen 16.00 60.4 66 3.5
9 F Fluor Fluorine 19.00 70.9 64 4.1
10 Ne Neon Neon 20.18
11 Na Natrium Sodium 22.99 185.8 157 1.0
12 Mg Magnesium Magnesium 24.31 159.9 136 1.2
13 Al Aluminium Aluminium 26.98 143.2 125 1.5
14 Si Silicium Silicon 28.09 117.6 117 1.7
15 P Phosphor Phosphorus 30.97 110.5 110 2.1
16 S Schwefel Sulfur 32.07 103.5 104 2.4
17 Cl Chlor Chlorine 35.45 99.4 99 2.8
18 Ar Argon Argon 39.95
19 K Kalium Potassium 39.10 227.2 203 0.9
20 Ca Calcium Calcium 40.08 197.4 174 1.0
21 Sc Scandium Scandium 44.96 160.6 144 1.2
22 Ti Titan Titanium 47.87 144.8 132 1.3
23 V Vanadium Vanadium 50.94 131.1 122 1.5
24 Cr Chrom Chromium 52.00 124.9 118 1.6
25 Mn Mangan Manganese 54.94 136.7 118 1.6
26 Fe Eisen Iron 55.85 124.1 116 1.6
27 Co Cobalt Cobalt 58.93 125.3 116 1.7
28 Ni Nickel Nickel 58.69 124.6 115 1.8
29 Cu Kupfer Copper 63.55 127.8 117 1.8
30 Zn Zink Zinc 65.39 133.5 125 1.7
31 Ga Gallium Gallium 69.72 122.1 125 2.0
32 Ge Germanium Germanium 72.61 122.5 122 2.0
33 As Arsen Arsenic 74.92 124.5 121 2.2
34 Se Selen Selenium 78.96 116 117 2.5
35 Br Brom Bromine 79.90 114.5 114 2.7
36 Kr Krypton Krypton 83.80
37 Rb Rubidium Rubidium 85.47 247.5 216 0.9
38 Sr Strontium Strontium 87.62 215.1 191 1.0
39 Y Yttrium Yttrium 88.91 177.6 162 1.1
40 Zr Zirconium Zirconium 91.22 159.0 145 1.2
41 Nb Niob Niobium 92.91 142.9 134 1.2
42 Mo Molybdän Molybdenum 95.94 136.3 130 1.3
43 Tc Technetium Technetium 98.91 135.2 127 1.4
44 Ru Ruthenium Ruthenium 101.1 132.5 125 1.4
45 Rh Rhodium Rhodium 102.9 134.5 125 1.5
46 Pd Palladium Palladium 106.4 137.6 128 1.4
47 Ag Silber Silver 107.9 144.5 134 1.4
48 Cd Cadmium Cadmium 112.4 148.9 141 1.5
49 In Indium Indium 114.8 162.6 150 1.5
50 Sn Zinn Tin 118.7 140.5 140 1.7
51 Sb Antimon Antimony 121.8 145 141 1.8
52 Te Tellur Tellurium 127.6 143.2 137 2.0
53 I Iod Iodine 126.9 133.1 133 2.2
54 Xe Xenon Xenon 131.3
55 Cs Cäsium Caesium 132.9 265.5 253 0.9
56 Ba Barium Barium 137.3 217.4 198 1.0
57 La Lanthan Lanthanum 138.9 187.0 169 1.1
58 Ce Cer Cerium 140.1 182.5 165 1.1
59 Pr Praseodym Praseodymium 140.9 182.0 165 1.1
60 Nd Neodym Neodymium 144.2 181.4 164 1.1
61 Pm Promethium Promethium 146.9 163 1.1
62 Sm Samarium Samarium 150.4 162 1.1
63 Eu Europium Europium 152.0 199.5 185 1.0
64 Gd Gadolinium Gadolinium 157.3 178.7 161 1.1
65 Tb Terbium Terbium 158.9 176.3 159 1.1
66 Dy Dysprosium Dysprosium 162.5 175.2 159 1.1
67 Ho Holmium Holmium 164.9 174.3 158 1.1
68 Er Erbium Erbium 167.3 173.4 157 1.1
69 Tm Thulium Thulium 168.9 172.4 156 1.1
70 Yb Ytterbium Ytterbium 173.0 194.0 174 1.1
71 Lu Lutetium Lutetium 175.0 171.8 156 1.1
72 Hf Hafnium Hafnium 178.5 156.4 144 1.2
73 Ta Tantal Tantalum 180.9 143.0 134 1.3
74 W Wolfram Tungsten 183.8 137 130 1.4
75 Re Rhenium Rhenium 186.2 137.1 128 1.5
76 Os Osmium Osmium 190.2 133.8 126 1.5
77 Ir Iridium Iridium 192.2 135.7 127 1.6
78 Pt Platin Platinum 195.1 137.3 130 1.4
79 Au Gold Gold 197.0 144.2 134 1.4
80 Hg Quecksilber Mercury 200.6 150.3 144 1.5
81 Tl Thallium Thallium 204.4 170.0 155 1.4
82 Pb Blei Lead 207.2 175.0 154 1.6
83 Bi Bismut Bismuth 209.0 154.5 146 1.7
84 Po Polonium Polonium 209.0 167.3 146 1.8
85 At Astat Astatine 210.0 145 2.0
86 Rn Radon Radon 222.0
87 Fr Francium Francium 223.0 0.9
88 Ra Radium Radium 226.0 1.0
89 Ac Actinium Actinium 227.0 187.8 1.0
90 Th Thorium Thorium 232.0 179.8 165 1.1
91 Pa Protactinium Protactinium 231.0 156.1 1.1
92 U Uran Uranium 238.0 138.5 142 1.2
93 Np Neptunium Neptunium 237.0 130.0 1.2
94 Pu Plutonium Plutonium 244.1 151.3 1.2
95 Am Amercium Americium 243.1 1.2
96 Cm Curium Curium 247.1 1.2
97 Bk Berkelium Berkelium 247.1 1.2
98 Cf Californium Californium 251.1 1.2
99 Es Einsteinium Einsteinium 252.1 1.2
100 Fm Fermium Fermium 257.1 1.2
101 Md Mendelevium Mendelevium 258.1 1.2
102 No Nobelium Nobelium 259.1
103 Lr Lawrencium Lawrencium 260.1
104 Rf Rutherfordium Rutherfordium 261.1
105 Db Dubnium Dubnium 262.1
106 Sg Seaborgium Seaborgium 263.1
107 Bh Bohrium Bohrium 262.1
108 Hs Hassium Hassium
109 Mt Meitnerium Meitnerium
---------------------------------------------------------------
rAM: relative Atommasse
AtR: Atomradius in pm (Atomabstand/2 im Element)
KoR: Kovalenzradius für Einfachbindungen in pm
ElN: Elektronegativität nach Allred und Rochow
Vollständige Elektronegativitätsskala nach PAULING
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
.---.
|H |
|2.1|
|---+---. .-------------------.
|Li |Be | |B |C |N |O |F |
|1.0|1.5| |2.0|2.5|3.0|3.5|4.0|
|---+---| |---+---+---+---+---|
|Na |Mg | |Al |Si |P |S |Cl |
|0.9|1.2| |1.5|1.8|2.1|2.5|3.0|
|---+---+---------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---|
|K |Ca |Sc |Ti |V |Cr |Mn |Fe |Co |Ni |Cu |Zn |Ga |Ge |As |Se |Br |
|0.8|1.0|1.3|1.5|1.6|1.6|1.5|1.8|1.8|1.8|1.9|1.6|1.6|1.8|2.0|2.4|2.8|
|---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
|Rb |Sr |Y |Zr |Nb |Mo |Te |Ru |Rh |Pd |Ag |Cd |In |Sn |Sb |Te |I |
|0.8|1.0|1.3|1.4|1.6|1.8|1.9|2.2|2.2|2.2|1.9|1.7|1.7|1.8|1.9|2.1|2.5|
|---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
|Cs |Ba |LA |Hf |Ta |W |Re |Os |Ir |Pt |Au |Hg |Tl |Pb |Bi |Po |At |
|0.7|0.9| |1.3|1.5|1.7|1.9|2.2|2.2|2.2|2.4|1.9|1.8|1.8|1.9|2.0|2.2|
|---+---+---+-------------------------------------------------------'
|Fr |Ra |AC |
|0.7|0.9| |
'-----------'
.---------------- - - -
Lanthanide | La--Lu
| 1.1--1.2
|---------------- - - -
Actinide |Ac |Th |Pa |U |
|1.1|1.3|1.5|1.7|
'---------------- - - -
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Die Differenz der Elektronegativitäten zweier miteinander verbundener
Atome ist ein Maß für die Polarität der Atombindung.
;; DeskTop Chemie
Nomenklatur von Ionenverbindungen
---------------------------------------------------------------
Kationen
NH4(+) Ammonium
PH4(+) Phosphonium
OH3(+) Oxonium
Anionen
F(-) Fluorid OCl(-) Hypochlorit
Cl(-) Chlorid ClO3(-) Chlorat
Br(-) Bromid ClO4(-) Perchlorat
I(-) Iodid SO3(2-) Sulfit
O(2-) Oxid SO4(2-) Sulfat
N(3-) Nitrid NO3(-) Nitrat
O2(2-) Peroxid PO4(3-) Phosphat
OH(-) Hydroxid AsO4(3-) Arsenat
S(2-) Sulfid CN(-) Cyanid
CO3(2-) Carbonat CrO4(2-) Chromat
CH3CO2(-) Acetat Cr2O7(2-) Dichromat
C2O4(2-) Oxalat MnO4(-) Permanganat
N3(-) Azid SiO4(4-) Silicat
---------------------------------------------------------------
;; Charles E. Mortimer: Chemie. Thieme, 1996
Kurzzeichen für Kunststoffe
(Homopolymere, nach DIN 7728)
-------------------------------------------------
Kurzzeichen Name
-------------------------------------------------
CA Celluloseacetat
CAB Celluloseacetobutyrat
CAP Celluloseacetopropionat
CF Cresol-Formaldehyd-Harz
CMC Carboxymethylcellulose
CN Cellulosenitrat
CP Cellulosepropionat
CSF Casein-Formaldehyd-Harz
CTA Cellulosetriacetat
EC Ethylcellulose
EP Epoxidharz
MC Methylcellulose
MF Melamin-Formaldehyd-Harz
PA Polyamid [1]
PAN Polyacrylnitril
PB Polybutylen
PBA Polybutylacrylat
PBT Polybutylenterephthalat
PC Polycarbonat
PCTFE Polychlortrifluorethylen
PDAP Polydiallylphthalat
PE Polyethylen [2]
PEOX Polyethylenoxid
PET Polyethylenterephthalat
PF Phenol-Formaldehyd-Harz
PI Polyimid
PIB Polyisobutylen
PIR Polyisocyanurat
PMI Polymethacrylimid
PMMA Polymethylmethacrylat
PMP Poly(-4-methylpent-1-en)
PMS Poly(-a-methyl-styrol)
POM Polyoxymethylen, Polyformaldehyd
PP Polypropylen
PPE Polyphenylenether
PPOX Polypropylenoxid
PS Polystyrol (Polystyren [2])
PTFE Polytetrafluorethylen (Teflon)
PUR Polyurethan
PVAC Polyvinylacetat
PVAL Polyvinylalkohol
PVB Polyvinylbutyral
PVC Polyvinylchlorid
PVDC Polyvinylidenchlorid
PVDF Polyvinylidenfluorid
PVF Polyvinylfluorid
PVFM Polyvinylformal(dehyd)
PVK Polyvinylcarbazol
PVP Polyvinylpyrrolidon
SI Silicon
SP Gesättigte Polyester
UF Harnstoff-Formaldehyd-Harz
UP Ungesättigtes Polyester-Harz
-------------------------------------------------
[1] Verschiedene Polyamide werden durch nachgestellte
Zahlen voneinander unterschieden.
[2] Bei der Bezeichnung von Kunststoffen finden die
herkömmlichen Namen der Monomeren Anwendung (Ethylen
statt Ethen, Styrol statt Styren u.a.).
;; DeskTop Chemie
Eigenschaften geradkettiger Alkane
------------------------------------------
Name Formel Smp. Sdp.
[°C] [°C]
------------------------------------------
Methan CH4 -183 -161
Ethan C2H6 -183 -89
Propan C3H8 -188 -42
Butan C4H10 -138 -0.5
Pentan C5H12 -130 +36
Hexan C6H14 -95 69
Heptan C7H16 -91 98
Octan C8H18 -57 126
Nonan C9H20 -54 151
Decan C10H22 -30 174
Dodecan C12H26 -10 216
Hexadecan C16H34 +18 287
Heptadecan C17H36 +22 302
------------------------------------------
;; Mortimer: Chemie. Thieme, 1996.
pH-Skala
----------------------------------------------------------------------
pH [H^+] [OH^-]
(mol/L) (mol/L)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
0 10^0 10^-14
1 10^-1 10^-13 Batteriesäure (1.0), Magensaft (1.73)
2 10^-2 10^-12 Weinsäure (2.2), Ameisensäure (2.3)
3 10^-3 10^-11 Haushaltsessig (2.7--3.1)
4 s 10^-4 10^-10 durchschnitt. Regen in Deutschland (4.1)
5 . 10^-5 10^-9 Letalgrenze für Fische (4.5), Kaffee (5.0)
6 . 10^-6 10^-8 Urin (5.3--6.0), Milch (6.5)
7 n 10^-7 10^-7 reines Wasser (7.0), Blut (7.32--7.35)
8 . 10^-8 10^-6 Seewasser (8.3)
9 . 10^-9 10^-5 Borax (9.2)
10 b 10^-10 10^-4
11 10^-11 10^-3
12 10^-12 10^-2 Ammoniak (11.8), Kalkwasser gesättigt (12.3)
13 10^-13 10^-1
14 10^-14 10^0
----------------------------------------------------------------------
pH = -log10[H^+]
pH-Indikatoren
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Indikator Umschlagsbereich
------------------------------------------
pH Farbwechsel
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Kresolrot 0.2-- 1.8 rot -> gelb
Metanilgelb 1.2-- 2.3 rot -> violett
Thymolblau 1.2-- 2.8 rot -> gelb
m-Kresolpurpur 1.2-- 2.8 rot -> gelb
Tropaeolin OO 1.2-- 3.2 violettrot -> gelborange
2,6-Dinitrophenol 1.7-- 4.4 farblos -> gelb
Benzylorange 1.9-- 3.3 rot -> gelb
2,4-Dinitrophenol 2.0-- 4.7 farblos -> gelb
Benzopurpurin 4 B 2.3-- 4.4 blauviolett -> rot
Dimethylgelb 2.9-- 4.0 rot -> gelb
Kongorot 3.0-- 5.2 blau -> rot
Bromphenolblau 3.0-- 4.6 gelb -> blauviolett
Bromchlorphenolblau 3.0-- 4.6 gelb -> violett
Methylorange 3.0-- 4.4 rot -> gelborange
alpha-Naphthylrot 3.7-- 5.0 purpur -> gelborange
Bromkresolgrün 3.8-- 5.4 gelb -> blau
2,5-Dinitrophenol 4.0-- 5.8 farblos -> gelb
Mischindikator 5 4.4-- 5.8 rotviolett -> grün
Methylrot 4.4-- 6.2 rot -> gelb
Ethylrot 4.4-- 6.2 rot -> gelb
Chlorphenolrot 4.6-- 7.0 gelb -> rotviolett
Carminsäure 4.8-- 6.2 gelb -> rotviolett
Alizarinrot S 5.0-- 6.6 gelb -> violettrot
2-Nitrophenol 5.0-- 7.0 farblos -> gelb
Lackmus 5.0-- 8.0 rot -> blauviolett
Bromkresolpurpur 5.2-- 6.8 gelb -> violett
Bromphenolrot 5.4-- 7.0 gelb -> purpur
4-Nitrophenol 5.6-- 7.6 farblos -> gelb
Alizarin 5.8-- 7.2 gelb -> rotviolett
Bromthymolblau 6.0-- 7.5 gelb -> blau
Bromxylenolblau 6.0-- 7.6 gelb -> blau
Brasilin 6.0-- 7.7 grünlichgelb -> dunkelviolett
Nitrazingelb 6.0-- 7.0 gelb -> blauviolett
Hämatoxylin 6.0--11.0 gelb -> violett
Phenolrot 6.4-- 8.2 gelb -> rot
3-Nitrophenol 6.6-- 8.6 farblos -> gelb
Neutralrot 6.8-- 8.0 rot -> gelb
Kresolrot 7.0-- 8.8 gelb -> violettrot
m-Kresolpurpur 7.4-- 9.0 gelb -> violett
Brillantgelb 7.4-- 8.6 gelb -> braunrot
Orange I 7.6-- 8.9 gelb -> rosa
alpha-Naphtolphthalein 7.8-- 9.0 gelblich -> blau
Thymolblau 8.0-- 9.6 gelb -> blau
p-Xylenolblau 8.0-- 9.6 gelb -> blau
o-Kresolphthalein 8.2-- 9.8 farblos -> rotviolett
Phenolphthalein 8.4--10.0 farblos -> purpur
alpha-Naphtholbenzein 8.8--11.0 farblos -> blaugrün
Thymolphthalein 9.3--10.5 farblos -> blau
Wasserblau 9.4--14.0 blau -> (rot) -> farblos
Alizaringelb 2 G 10.0--12.0 hellgelb -> orangegelb
Alizaringelb R 10.0--12.0 hellgelb -> orangerot
Nilblau A 10.2--13.0 blau -> violettrot
beta-Naphtholviolett 10.6--12.0 orangegelb -> violett
Nitramin 10.8--12.8 farblos -> braunrot
Tropaeolin OOO2 11.0--13.0 gelb -> rot
Tropaeolin O 11.1--12.7 gelb -> braunrot
Epsilonblau 11.6--13.0 orange -> violett
Säurefuchsin 12.0--14.0 purpur -> farblos
----------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Römpp, 2004
Common commercial battery systems
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
common name nominal anode cathode electrolyte
voltage
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
primary
Leclanché (carbon-zinc) 1.5 zinc foil MnO2 (natural) aq ZnCl2-NH4Cl
zinc chloride (carbon-zinc) 1.5 zinc foil electrolytic MnO2 aq ZnCl2
alkaline 1.5 zinc powder electrolytic MnO2 aq KOH
zinc-air 1.2 zinc powder carbon (air) aq KOH
silver-zinc 1.6 zinc powder Ag2O aq KOH
lithium-manganese dioxide 3.0 lithium foil treated MnO2 LiCF3SO3 or LiClO4[*]
lithium-carbon monofluoride 3.0 lithium foil CFx LiCF3SO3 or LiClO4[*]
lithium-iron sulfide 1.6 lithium foil FeS2 LiCF3SO3 and/or LiClO4[*]
rechargeable
lead acid 2.0 lead PbO2 aq H2SO4
nickel-cadmium 1.2 cadmium NiOOH aq KOH
nickel-metal hydride 1.2 MH NiOOH aq KOH
lithium ion 4.0 Li(C) LiCoO2 LiPF6 in nonaqueous solvents[*]
specialty
nickel-hydrogen 1.2 H2(Pt) NiOOH aq KOH
lithium-iodine 2.7 Li I2 LiI
lithium-silver-vanadium oxide 3.2 Li Ag2V4O11 LiAsF[*]
lithium-sulfur dioxide 2.8 Li SO2(C) SO2-LiBr
lithium-thionyl chloride 3.6 Li SOCl2(C) SOCl2-LiAlCl4
lithium-iron sulfide (thermal) 1.6 Li FeS2 LiCl-LiBr-LiF
magnesium-silver chloride 1.6 Mg AgCl seawater
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] In nonaqueous solvents. Exact composition depends on the manufacturer,
usually propylene carbonate-dimethyl ether for primary lithium batteries and
ethylene carbonate with linear organic carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate,
diethyl carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate for lithium ion cells.
;; Martin Winter; Ralph J. Brodd: What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells,
;; and Supercapacitors? Chemical Reviews 104, 2004, 4245--4269.
Metals and alloys with low melting temperature
(Metalle und Legierungen mit niedrigen Schmelztemperaturen)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metal or Composition, % Melting
Alloy System --------------------------------------------- Temperature
Weight Atomic °C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hg 100 100 -38.84
Cs-K 77.0-23.0 50.0-50.0 -37.5 *?
Cs-Na 94.5-5.5 75.0-25.0 -30.0 *
K-Na 76.7-23.3 65.9-34.1 -12.65 *
Na-Rb 8.0-92.0 24.4-75.6 -5 *
Ga-In-Sn 62.5-21.5-16.0 73.6-15.3-11.1 11 *
Ga-Sn-Zn 82.0-12.0-6.0 86.0-7.3-6.7 17 *
Cs 100 100 28.44
Ga 100 100 29.77
K-Rb 32.0-68.0 50-50 33 *
Bi-Cd-In-Pb-Sn 44.7-5.3-19.1-22.6-8.3 35.1-8.2-27.3-17.9-11.5 46.7 *
Bi-In-Pb-Sn 49.5-21.3-17.6-11.6 39.2-30.7-14.0-16.2 58.2 *
Bi-In-Sn 32.5-51.0-16.5 21.1-60.1-18.8 60.5 *
K 100 100 63.38
Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn 50.0-12.5-25.0-12.5 41.5-19.3-21.0-18.2 70 *
Bi-In 33.0-67.0 21.3-78.7 72 *
Bi-Cd-Pb 51.6-8.2-40.2 48.1-14.2-37.7 91.5 *
Bi-Pb-Sn 52.5-32.0-15.5 46.8-28.7-24.5 95 *
Na 100 100 97.8
Bi-Cd-Sn 54.0-20.0-26.0 39.4-27.2-33.4 102.5 *
In-Sn 51.8-48.2 52.6-47.4 119 *
Cd-In 25.3-74.7 25.7-74.3 120 *
Bi-Pb 55.5-44.5 55.3-44.7 124 *
Bi-Sn-Zn 56.0-40.0-4.0 40.2-50.6-9.2 130 *
Bi-Sn 70-30 57.0-43.0 138.5 *
Bi-Cd 60.3-39.7 45.0-55.0 145.5 *
In 100 100 156.6
Li 100 100 180.5
Pb-Sn 38.1-61.9 26.1-73.9 183 *
Bi-Tl 48.0-52.0 47.5-52.5 185 *
Sn-Zn 91.0-9.0 85.0-15.0 198 *
Sb-Sn 8.0-92.0 7.8-92.2 199
Au-Pb 14.6-85.4 15.2-84.8 212 *
Ag-Sn 3.5-96.5 3.8-96.2 221 *
Bi-Pb-Sb-Sn 48.0-28.5-9.0-14.5 40.8-24.5-13.1-21.6 226
Cu-Sn 0.75-99.25 1.3-98.7 227 *
Sn 100 100 231.9
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[*] eutectic
;; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2003--2004.
Olaf Gerstung, 2006-04-13
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